Cuaderno
La delgada línea entre espectador y personaje: la integración narrativa del usuario en la realidad virtual cinematográfica
Publicado 01.01.2023
Palabras clave
- Realidad virtual,
- Inmersión,
- Cine inmersivo,
- Focalización,
- Presencia
- Agencia,
- Personaje,
- Usuario. ...Más
Resumen
Pese a la intensa sensación de inmersión que la realidad virtual (RV) ofrece, la interactividad de los usuarios con el mundo virtual siempre es limitada. En las piezas narrativas tradicionales de RV, también conocidas como RV cinematográfica (RVC), los usuarios pueden presenciar una historia pero apenas pueden influir en ella. Esta limitación crea una paradoja en la que los usuarios se sienten inmersos en un mundo virtual con el que no pueden interactuar. Este artículo se centra en las estrategias narrativas empleadas en la RVC para integrar a los espectadores dentro de la diégesis. La paradoja inmersiva invita a académicos y creadores audiovisuales a repensar paradigmas narrativos tradicionales para poder aplicarlos a este nuevo medio. En este sentido, la limitada capacidad de interacción de los usuarios debe reforzar la premisa narrativa. Mediante un análisis de un corpus de piezas de RVC grabadas en imagen real, este artículo propone una tipología de usuarios, a saber, diferentes formas en las que el espectador puede ser integrado en la historia negociando de un modo creativo las maneras en que el personaje, el focalizador, y el espectador pueden coincidir.
Citas
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Banakou, D., Slater, M. (2014). Body Ownership Causes Illusory Self-Attribution of Speaking and Influences Subsequent Real Speaking. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111</em>(49), 17678–17683. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414936111 <br>
Biocca, F. (2002). The Evolution of Interactive Media: Toward ‘Being There’ in Nonlinear Narrative Worlds. In M. Green, M. Strange, and T. Brock, (Eds.), <em>Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations</em> (pp. 97-130). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.<br>
Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A., Swinth, K., Hoyt, C., Bailenson, J. (2002). Immersive Virtual Environment Technology as a Methodological Tool for Social Psychology. <em>Psychological Inquiry, 13</em>(2), 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1302_01 <br>
Bollmer, G. (2017). Empathy Machines. <em>Media International Australia, 165</em>(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X17726794<br>
Burch, N. (1979). Film’s Institutional Mode of Representation and the Soviet Response. <em>October, 11</em>, 77-96. https://doi.org/10.2307/778236 <br>
Dooley, K. (2018). Virtual Reality: Moving Beyond a Cinema of the Attractions. <em>Screen Education, 88</em>, 96-103.<br>
Durán Fonseca, E., Rubio-Tamayo, J.L., Alves, P. (2021). Niveles de diseño narrativo, espacial y de interacción para el desarrollo de contenidos en el medio de la realidad virtual. <em>ASRI, 19,</em> 96 -111.<br>
Edwards, S. (2017, February 4). Virtual Reality Is Here To Stay and It Needs Screenwriters. <em>Screenwriting Magazine</em>. Recuperado de https://screenwritingmagazine.com/2017/02/04/virtual-reality-stay-needs-screenwriters<br>
Elseasser, T., Hagener, M. (2010). <em>Film Theory: An Introduction Through the Senses</em>. Routledge.<br>
Gaudreault, A., Jost, F. (1990).<em> Le récit cinématographique</em>. Paris: Éditions Nathan.<br>
Fauville, G., Queiroz, A.C.M., Bailenson, J.N. (2020). Virtual reality as a promising tool to promote climate change awareness. En J. Kim, H. Song, (Eds.), <em>Technology and Health: Promoting Attitude and Behavior Change</em> (pp. 91-108). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816958-2.00005-8<br>
Gödde M., Gabler F., Siegmund D., Braun A. (2018). Cinematic Narration in RV: Rethinking Film Conventions For 360 Degrees. En Chen J., Fragomeni G. (Eds), <em>Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: Applications in Health, Cultural Heritage, and Industry. VAMR 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10910</em>. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91584-5_15<br>
Gubern, R. (1996). <em>Del bisonte a la realidad virtual: La escena y el laberinto. </em>Barcelona: Anagrama.<br>
Mateer, J. (2017). Directing for Cinematic Virtual Reality: How The Traditional Film Director’s Craft Applies to Immersive Environments and Notions of Presence. <em>Journal of Media Practice, 18</em> (1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2017.1305838 <br>
Jones, M. (2017, January 27). <em>Interview for Screen Australia</em>. Recuperado de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1rhfPz9f8k&feature=youtu.be<br>
Meyer, K. (1995). Dramatic Narrative in Virtual Reality.’ En F. Biocca, and M.R. Levy (Eds), <em>Communication in the Age of Virtual Reality </em>(pp. 219–258). New York: Routledge.<br>
Murray, J. H. (2020). Virtual/Reality: How To Tell The Difference. <em>Journal of Visual Culture, 19</em> (1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470412920906253<br>
Nash, K. (2022). <em>Interactive Documentary. Theory and Debate.</em> New York: Routledge.<br>
Ramirez, Erick (2018, October 26). It’s Dangerous to Think Virtual Reality is an Empathy Machine. <em>Aeon</em>. Recuperado de https://aeon.co/ideas/its-dangerous-to-think-virtual-reality-is-an-empathy-machine<br>
Rath-Wiggins, L. (2016, February 25). Writing for RV? Three Things to Remember! <em>Get Fader</em>. Recuperado de https://getfader.com/writing-for-RV/<br>
Roswell, R. O., Cogburn, C. D., Tocco, J., Martinez, J., Bangeranye, C., Bailenson, J. N., Wright, M., Mieres, J. H., & Smith, L. (2020). Cultivating Empathy Through Virtual Reality: Advancing Conversations About Racism, Inequity, and Climate in Medicine. <em>Academic Medicine, 95</em>(12), 1882-1886.https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003615<br>
Ryan, M. L. (2001). <em>Narrative as Virtual Reality: Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media</em>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.<br>
Santesmases, M. (2020, May 4). Narrative RV trends in 360. A View From The Tunnel Under Tribeca. <em>Medium</em>. Recuperado de https://medium.com/@miguel.santesmases/narrative-vr-trends-in-360-a-view-from-the-tunnel-under-tribeca-d6f6a238503c <br>
Shin, D. (2018). Empathy and Embodied Experience in Virtual Environment: To What Extent Can Virtual Reality Stimulate Empathy And Embodied Experience? <em>Computers in Human Behavior,</em>
<em>78</em>. 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.09.012 <br>
Stanney, K., Fidopiastis, C., Foster, L. (2020). Virtual Reality is Sexist, But It Does Not Have To Be. <em>Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 7</em>(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2020.00004 <br>
Slater, M., Wilbur, S. (1997). A Framework for Immersive Virtual Environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. <em>Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 6</em>, 603-616. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.603<br>
Wolterbeek, M. (2018, June 21). Exploring How To Make Virtual Reality More Accessible To Women. <em>Nevada Today</em>. Recuperado de https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2018/vr-sickness-in-women</p>